contribution of genetic engineering in plant biotechnology

 
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   contribution of genetic engineering in plant biotechnologyBy : BEENA AGARWAL, Head/VP/GM-Corporate Planning/Strategy, ANADI HI TECH AGRO PVT LTD  Refer  
Industry : Biotechnology Functional Area : India Keywords : marketfieldfarmersbiotech cropsActivity: 30 referals  4 comments  564 views  last activity : undefined  
 

 
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India has come a long way since its adoption of Bt cotton in 2002. It is ranked fourth in the world among Bt crops growing countries, in terms of hectares. With a number of other Bt crops under research, the country is heading for a bigger share of the pie in the next few years. 

Biotech maize, most planted crop
In 2008, 17, or two-thirds of the 25-biotech countries planted biotech maize (same as in 2007), 10 countries planted biotech soybean (up from nine), 10 countries planted biotech cotton (up from nine) and three countries planted biotech canola (up from two in 2007). In addition, two countries the US and China grew virus resistant papaya, two countries Australia and Colombia grew biotech carnation, a small hectarage of Bt poplar grown in China, and Bt squash and alfalfa in the US.
About 13.3 million farmers benefit from Bt crops worldwide
Of the global total of 13.3 million beneficiary biotech farmers in 2008, (up from 12 million in 2007), remarkably over 90 percent or 12.3 million (up from 11 million in 2007) were small and resource-poor farmers from developing countries; the balance of one million were large farmers from both industrial countries such as the US and Canada and developing countries such as Argentina and Brazil. Of the 12.3 million, most were Bt cotton farmers with the highest, 7.1 million in China followed by 5.0 million in India. The largest increase in the number of beneficiary farmers in 2008 was in India where an additional 1.2 million more small farmers planted Bt cotton which now occupies 82 percent of total cotton cultivation, up from 66 percent in 2007.

Biotech crops have improved the income and quality of life of poor farmers 
In 2008, five million small farmers, (up from 3.8 million farmers in 2007) in India benefited from planting 7.6 million hectares of Bt cotton. Benefits will vary according to varying pest infestation levels in different years and locations. A conservative estimate for small farmers indicates that yields increased by 31 percent, insecticide decreased by 39 percent, and profitability increased by 88 percent equivalent to $250 per hectare. About 7.1 million small and resource-poor farmers benefited from Bt cotton in China in 2008, based on studies conducted by the Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy (CCAP), it was concluded that, on an average, small farmers adopting Bt cotton increased yield by 9.6 percent, reduced insecticide use by 60 percent, with positive implications for both the environment and the farmers’ health, and generated a substantial $220 per hectare increase in income.

The global value of biotech crop market was at $7.5 billion in 2008 
In 2008, the global market value of biotech crops, estimated by Cropnosis, was $7.5 billion, (up from $6.9 billion in 2007) representing 14 percent of the $52.72 billion global crop protection market in 2008, and 22 percent of the approximately $34 billion global commercial seed market in 2009. The value of the global biotech crop market is based on the sale price of biotech seed plus any technology fees that apply. The global value of the biotech crop market is projected at

approximately $8.3 billion in 2009.



 N.B. Extracted from Biospectrum india

 Top Comment : Phani Mohan krishna   | undefined 
 This is a brief overview of the current trends toward larger scale genetic engineering of agricultural crops and animals and geoengineering and mega-engineering adaptation to offset or adapt to environmental changes. Primarily these are observations at which solutions are getting significant increases in research and development resources and are getting or are close to being deployed at significant levels. Weaker and slower interventions and adjustments to address the sources of environmental change will mean stronger and more urgent efforts in the future. History of changes to forests and wild areas on land indicate that the choice has generally not been to roll back efforts to low energy naturalistic lifestyles but to use more technology and processes to obtain necessary food and other resources. More "naturalistic" solutions could be possible if there were far stronger efforts on converting coal and fossil fuel plants with factory mass produced nuclear fission reactor such as current efforts in China. The greater naturalistic part would be less genetic engineering and less geoengineering could be required. Those could still be done but there would be less required interventions of those types. ie. You can allow your human population to fluctuate with the levels of buffalo herds or you take control of the food population with domesticated cows and chickens on farms. You could allow your human population to fluctuate with the levels of wild fish catch and other farm production or you find ways to increase food production in spite of environmental variables. Fish farming provides over half of the worlds fish for human consumption. When some soils deteriorated from farming techniques there was new farm management practices and fertilizers usage and modification of crops to be tougher and able to grow in inferior soils. Genetically Modified Plants In 2008, Time Magazine discussed "China's Genetically Altered Food Boom" Most of China's cotton is already transgenic, and rice, wheat, maize, soybeans and livestock are in the pipeline. "China decided that conventional technology would not allow it to feed its people," says Clive James, chairman and founder of the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications . In the 12 years since GM crops have been commercially grown, James says most planting has been in the Americas. "I believe that the second decade will be the decade of Asia," he says. Genetically modified rice is expected to be approved by Feb, 2011 in China. This is expected to open the gates to other grain crops and to other countries approving genetically modified crops. A 2008 research report on the status of China's transgenic rice research. Of all of the work being done in field and environmental release trials, four which have been engineered to be resistant to major pests in China, have advanced to the final stage of field trials, the preproduction trials stage. Two insect-resistant hybrids—GM Xianyou 63 and Kemingdao contain stem borer–resistant Bt genes. According to experimental trial data, the Bt varieties are resistant to three stem borers in China: Tryporyza incertulas Walker, Chilo suppressalis Walker, and Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee (Zhu, Huang, and Hu 2003). The hybrid GM II Youming 86 contains the CPTi gene, which provides resistance to six pests: the same pests that are targets of varieties containing Bt plus Sesamia inferensWalker, Parndra guttata Bremeret Grey, and Pelopidas mathias Fabricius. MOA (2002) reports that in 2000 and 2001, stem borers affected between 68% and 75% of China’s rice area. Given that China’s rice area is nearly 30 million hectares, this means that the main pests targeted by China’s experimental GM rice varieties (that are currently in preproduction trials) affect more than 20 million hectares annually, nearly 13% of the world’s total rice sown area. A fourth hybrid contains the Xa21 genes, which provide resistance to bacterial blight, one of the most prevalent diseases in rice production areas in central China (Zhu et al. 2003). Before commercialization, a new GM variety that passes the environmental release stage of the biosafety testing process in China must also pass through preproduction trials. According to China’s biosafety regulations, the total area for each preproduction trial should be more than 30 mu but not exceed 1,000 mu, or 66.7 hectares (MOA 2005). Although China’s rice scientists are developing the first generation of GM rice in hybrid varieties, which may indeed be suffering from falling demand, they are doing so because of the relatively weak intellectual property rights environment inside China. The use of hybrid varieties allows for some degree of protection from piracy since the GM hybrid varieties are more difficult for other farmers and seed companies to duplicate. However, if China can improve intellectual property rights or if the government were to step in and support research without regard to the question of whether the new GM rice varieties can be protected or not (since they may have a benefit to society as a whole), the current technology can be used in all varieties, not just hybrids. Should China decide to commercialize GM rice, the implications could far exceed the effect on its own producers and consumers. Paarlberg (2003) suggests that if China were to commercialize a major crop, such as rice, it is possible that it would set off a chain reaction in the world. For example, if China were to commercialize rice, it possibly would clear the way for the production of GM wheat, maize, and other crops inside China. If China proceeded in this direction, this could encourage the large grain-producing nations, such as Canada, the Unted States, and Australia, to continue to expand their programs in GM wheat and other crops, since China is a likely target for their exports in the future. In addition, the commercialization of rice and other crops may induce other developing countries, such as India or Vietnam, to expand their plant biotechnology programs. On the one hand, other developing countries might follow China in an effort to remain competitive. On the other hand, with a clear precedent, other leaders might be willing to adopt GM food crops to increase the income of their farmers as well as to improve their health. It is in this very real sense that the future of GM rice in China may have an important influence on the future of GM crops in the world. Genetically Modified Animals Genetically modified (GMO) fish are likely to dominate future fish farming by growing over two times faster than regular fish and being up to 30% more efficient with feed than regular fish. This would also make the GMO fish 350% more efficient with feed than cows are. The FDA is clearing the way for genetically modified fish and animals to be supplied as food. The FDA said genetically engineered animals, created for human use or consumption, will be regulated in the same way as veterinary drugs, meaning they will go through a safety review process. Aqua Bounty of Massachusetts is hoping to market its genetically engineered salmon, which grows to maturity in less time than wild or farmed salmon, but it awaits approval. A cow requires around seven kilograms of feed grain for each kilo of meat, while a carp requires around three kilos or less. Fish farming economizes on feed grain, and of course on the land area needed to produce it. Aqua Bounty Farms on Tuesday announced it is hopeful the U.S. Food and Drug Administration will in 2009 approve the company’s AquAdvantage Advanced farmed Atlantic salmon hybrid. go to top
 
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4 comments on "contribution of genetic engineering in plant biotechnology" 
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  Commented by  aakash chetan bhagat, 10th student, cambridge    | undefined [ Delete ]
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Not Rated 
   This is a brief overview of the current trends toward larger scale genetic engineering of agricultural crops and animals and geoengineering and mega-engineering adaptation to offset or adapt to environmental changes. Primarily these are observations at which solutions are getting significant increases in research and development resources and are getting or are close to being deployed at significant levels. Weaker and slower interventions and adjustments to address the sources of environmental change will mean stronger and more urgent efforts in the future. History of changes to forests and wild areas on land indicate that the choice has generally not been to roll back efforts to low energy naturalistic lifestyles but to use more technology and processes to obtain necessary food and other resources. More "naturalistic" solutions could be possible if there were far stronger efforts on converting coal and fossil fuel plants with factory mass produced nuclear fission reactor such as current efforts in China. The greater naturalistic part would be less genetic engineering and less geoengineering could be required. Those could still be done but there would be less required interventions of those types. ie. You can allow your human population to fluctuate with the levels of buffalo herds or you take control of the food population with domesticated cows and chickens on farms. You could allow your human population to fluctuate with the levels of wild fish catch and other farm production or you find ways to increase food production in spite of environmental variables. Fish farming provides over half of the worlds fish for human consumption. When some soils deteriorated from farming techniques there was new farm management practices and fertilizers usage and modification of crops to be tougher and able to grow in inferior soils. Genetically Modified Plants In 2008, Time Magazine discussed "China's Genetically Altered Food Boom" Most of China's cotton is already transgenic, and rice, wheat, maize, soybeans and livestock are in the pipeline. "China decided that conventional technology would not allow it to feed its people," says Clive James, chairman and founder of the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications . In the 12 years since GM crops have been commercially grown, James says most planting has been in the Americas. "I believe that the second decade will be the decade of Asia," he says. Genetically modified rice is expected to be approved by Feb, 2011 in China. This is expected to open the gates to other grain crops and to other countries approving genetically modified crops. A 2008 research report on the status of China's transgenic rice research. Of all of the work being done in field and environmental release trials, four which have been engineered to be resistant to major pests in China, have advanced to the final stage of field trials, the preproduction trials stage. Two insect-resistant hybrids—GM Xianyou 63 and Kemingdao contain stem borer–resistant Bt genes. According to experimental trial data, the Bt varieties are resistant to three stem borers in China: Tryporyza incertulas Walker, Chilo suppressalis Walker, and Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee (Zhu, Huang, and Hu 2003). The hybrid GM II Youming 86 contains the CPTi gene, which provides resistance to six pests: the same pests that are targets of varieties containing Bt plus Sesamia inferensWalker, Parndra guttata Bremeret Grey, and Pelopidas mathias Fabricius. MOA (2002) reports that in 2000 and 2001, stem borers affected between 68% and 75% of China’s rice area. Given that China’s rice area is nearly 30 million hectares, this means that the main pests targeted by China’s experimental GM rice varieties (that are currently in preproduction trials) affect more than 20 million hectares annually, nearly 13% of the world’s total rice sown area. A fourth hybrid contains the Xa21 genes, which provide resistance to bacterial blight, one of the most prevalent diseases in rice production areas in central China (Zhu et al. 2003). Before commercialization, a new GM variety that passes the environmental release stage of the biosafety testing process in China must also pass through preproduction trials. According to China’s biosafety regulations, the total area for each preproduction trial should be more than 30 mu but not exceed 1,000 mu, or 66.7 hectares (MOA 2005). Although China’s rice scientists are developing the first generation of GM rice in hybrid varieties, which may indeed be suffering from falling demand, they are doing so because of the relatively weak intellectual property rights environment inside China. The use of hybrid varieties allows for some degree of protection from piracy since the GM hybrid varieties are more difficult for other farmers and seed companies to duplicate. However, if China can improve intellectual property rights or if the government were to step in and support research without regard to the question of whether the new GM rice varieties can be protected or not (since they may have a benefit to society as a whole), the current technology can be used in all varieties, not just hybrids. Should China decide to commercialize GM rice, the implications could far exceed the effect on its own producers and consumers. Paarlberg (2003) suggests that if China were to commercialize a major crop, such as rice, it is possible that it would set off a chain reaction in the world. For example, if China were to commercialize rice, it possibly would clear the way for the production of GM wheat, maize, and other crops inside China. If China proceeded in this direction, this could encourage the large grain-producing nations, such as Canada, the Unted States, and Australia, to continue to expand their programs in GM wheat and other crops, since China is a likely target for their exports in the future. In addition, the commercialization of rice and other crops may induce other developing countries, such as India or Vietnam, to expand their plant biotechnology programs. On the one hand, other developing countries might follow China in an effort to remain competitive. On the other hand, with a clear precedent, other leaders might be willing to adopt GM food crops to increase the income of their farmers as well as to improve their health. It is in this very real sense that the future of GM rice in China may have an important influence on the future of GM crops in the world. Genetically Modified Animals Genetically modified (GMO) fish are likely to dominate future fish farming by growing over two times faster than regular fish and being up to 30% more efficient with feed than regular fish. This would also make the GMO fish 350% more efficient with feed than cows are. The FDA is clearing the way for genetically modified fish and animals to be supplied as food. The FDA said genetically engineered animals, created for human use or consumption, will be regulated in the same way as veterinary drugs, meaning they will go through a safety review process. Aqua Bounty of Massachusetts is hoping to market its genetically engineered salmon, which grows to maturity in less time than wild or farmed salmon, but it awaits approval. A cow requires around seven kilograms of feed grain for each kilo of meat, while a carp requires around three kilos or less. Fish farming economizes on feed grain, and of course on the land area needed to produce it. Aqua Bounty Farms on Tuesday announced it is hopeful the U.S. Food and Drug Administration will in 2009 approve the company’s AquAdvantage Advanced farmed Atlantic salmon hybrid.  Commented by  Bindu Narayan, Product Development Manager, Care Biomedicals    | undefined [ Delete ]
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   Thanks phani for the detailed overview on the topic...and thanks to beena too for the post.......  Commented by  Phani Mohan krishna, Head/VP/GM- Purchase/Material Mgmt, ANAGHA DATTA TRADE    | undefined [ Delete ]
Report Abuse
Rating : +1  
   This is a brief overview of the current trends toward larger scale genetic engineering of agricultural crops and animals and geoengineering and mega-engineering adaptation to offset or adapt to environmental changes. Primarily these are observations at which solutions are getting significant increases in research and development resources and are getting or are close to being deployed at significant levels.

Weaker and slower interventions and adjustments to address the sources of environmental change will mean stronger and more urgent efforts in the future. History of changes to forests and wild areas on land indicate that the choice has generally not been to roll back efforts to low energy naturalistic lifestyles but to use more technology and processes to obtain necessary food and other resources.

More "naturalistic" solutions could be possible if there were far stronger efforts on converting coal and fossil fuel plants with factory mass produced nuclear fission reactor such as current efforts in China. The greater naturalistic part would be less genetic engineering and less geoengineering could be required. Those could still be done but there would be less required interventions of those types.

ie. You can allow your human population to fluctuate with the levels of buffalo herds or you take control of the food population with domesticated cows and chickens on farms.

You could allow your human population to fluctuate with the levels of wild fish catch and other farm production or you find ways to increase food production in spite of environmental variables. Fish farming provides over half of the worlds fish for human consumption.

When some soils deteriorated from farming techniques there was new farm management practices and fertilizers usage and modification of crops to be tougher and able to grow in inferior soils.

Genetically Modified Plants

In 2008, Time Magazine discussed "China's Genetically Altered Food Boom"

Most of China's cotton is already transgenic, and rice, wheat, maize, soybeans and livestock are in the pipeline. "China decided that conventional technology would not allow it to feed its people," says Clive James, chairman and founder of the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications . In the 12 years since GM crops have been commercially grown, James says most planting has been in the Americas. "I believe that the second decade will be the decade of Asia," he says.

Genetically modified rice is expected to be approved by Feb, 2011 in China. This is expected to open the gates to other grain crops and to other countries approving genetically modified crops.

A 2008 research report on the status of China's transgenic rice research.

Of all of the work being done in field and environmental release trials, four which have been engineered to be resistant to major pests in China, have advanced to the final stage of field trials, the preproduction trials stage. Two insect-resistant hybrids—GM Xianyou 63 and Kemingdao contain stem borer–resistant Bt genes. According to experimental trial data, the Bt varieties are resistant to three stem borers in China: Tryporyza incertulas Walker, Chilo suppressalis Walker, and Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee (Zhu, Huang, and Hu 2003). The hybrid GM II Youming 86 contains the CPTi gene, which provides resistance to six pests: the same pests that are targets of varieties containing Bt plus Sesamia inferensWalker, Parndra guttata Bremeret Grey, and Pelopidas mathias Fabricius. MOA (2002) reports that in 2000 and 2001, stem borers affected between 68% and 75% of China’s rice area. Given that China’s rice area is nearly 30 million hectares, this means that the main pests targeted by China’s experimental GM rice varieties (that are currently in preproduction trials) affect more than 20 million hectares annually, nearly 13% of the world’s total rice sown area. A fourth hybrid contains the Xa21 genes, which provide resistance to bacterial blight, one of the most prevalent diseases in rice production areas in central China (Zhu et al. 2003).

Before commercialization, a new GM variety that passes the environmental release stage of the biosafety testing process in China must also pass through preproduction trials. According to China’s biosafety regulations, the total area for each preproduction trial should be more than 30 mu but not exceed 1,000 mu, or 66.7 hectares (MOA 2005).

Although China’s rice scientists are developing the first generation of GM rice in hybrid varieties, which may indeed be suffering from falling demand, they are doing so because of the relatively weak intellectual property rights environment inside China. The use of hybrid varieties allows for some degree of protection from piracy since the GM hybrid varieties are more difficult for other farmers and seed companies to duplicate. However, if China can improve intellectual property rights or if the government were to step in and support research without regard to the question of whether the new GM rice varieties can be protected or not (since they may have a benefit to society as a whole), the current technology can be used in all varieties, not just hybrids.

Should China decide to commercialize GM rice, the implications could far exceed the effect on its own producers and consumers. Paarlberg (2003) suggests that if China were to commercialize a major crop, such as rice, it is possible that it would set off a chain reaction in the world. For example, if China were to commercialize rice, it possibly would clear the way for the production of GM wheat, maize, and other crops inside China. If China proceeded in this direction, this could encourage the large grain-producing nations, such as Canada, the Unted States, and Australia, to continue to expand their programs in GM wheat and other crops, since China is a likely target for their exports in the future. In addition, the commercialization of rice and other crops may induce other developing countries, such as India or Vietnam,

to expand their plant biotechnology programs. On the one hand, other developing countries might follow China in an effort to remain competitive. On the other hand, with a clear precedent, other leaders might be willing to adopt GM food crops to increase the income of their farmers as well as to improve their health. It is in this very real sense that the future of GM rice in China may have an important influence on the future of GM crops in the world.

Genetically Modified Animals

Genetically modified (GMO) fish are likely to dominate future fish farming by growing over two times faster than regular fish and being up to 30% more efficient with feed than regular fish. This would also make the GMO fish 350% more efficient with feed than cows are.

The FDA is clearing the way for genetically modified fish and animals to be supplied as food.

The FDA said genetically engineered animals, created for human use or consumption, will be regulated in the same way as veterinary drugs, meaning they will go through a safety review process. Aqua Bounty of Massachusetts is hoping to market its genetically engineered salmon, which grows to maturity in less time than wild or farmed salmon, but it awaits approval.

A cow requires around seven kilograms of feed grain for each kilo of meat, while a carp requires around three kilos or less. Fish farming economizes on feed grain, and of course on the land area needed to produce it.

Aqua Bounty Farms on Tuesday announced it is hopeful the U.S. Food and Drug Administration will in 2009 approve the company’s AquAdvantage Advanced farmed Atlantic salmon hybrid.  Commented by  Karamjeet Singh Saluja, INTELLECTRUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS CONSULTANT, CARE PRO BIOSCIENCE (P) LTD    | undefined [ Delete ]
Report Abuse
Rating : +1  
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Thanks phani for the detailed overview on the topic...and thanks to beena too for the post.......

This is a brief overview of the current trends toward larger scale genetic engineering of agricultural crops and animals and geoengineering and mega-engineering adaptation to offset or adapt to environmental changes. Primarily these are observations at which solutions are getting significant increases in research and development resources and are getting or are close to being deployed at significant levels.

Weaker and slower interventions and adjustments to address the sources of environmental change will mean stronger and more urgent efforts in the future. History of changes to forests and wild areas on land indicate that the choice has generally not been to roll back efforts to low energy naturalistic lifestyles but to use more technology and processes to obtain necessary food and other resources.

More "naturalistic" solutions could be possible if there were far stronger efforts on converting coal and fossil fuel plants with factory mass produced nuclear fission reactor such as current efforts in China. The greater naturalistic part would be less genetic engineering and less geoengineering could be required. Those could still be done but there would be less required interventions of those types.

ie. You can allow your human population to fluctuate with the levels of buffalo herds or you take control of the food population with domesticated cows and chickens on farms.

You could allow your human population to fluctuate with the levels of wild fish catch and other farm production or you find ways to increase food production in spite of environmental variables. Fish farming provides over half of the worlds fish for human consumption.

When some soils deteriorated from farming techniques there was new farm management practices and fertilizers usage and modification of crops to be tougher and able to grow in inferior soils.

Genetically Modified Plants

In 2008, Time Magazine discussed "China's Genetically Altered Food Boom"

Most of China's cotton is already transgenic, and rice, wheat, maize, soybeans and livestock are in the pipeline. "China decided that conventional technology would not allow it to feed its people," says Clive James, chairman and founder of the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications . In the 12 years since GM crops have been commercially grown, James says most planting has been in the Americas. "I believe that the second decade will be the decade of Asia," he says.

Genetically modified rice is expected to be approved by Feb, 2011 in China. This is expected to open the gates to other grain crops and to other countries approving genetically modified crops.

A 2008 research report on the status of China's transgenic rice research.

Of all of the work being done in field and environmental release trials, four which have been engineered to be resistant to major pests in China, have advanced to the final stage of field trials, the preproduction trials stage. Two insect-resistant hybrids—GM Xianyou 63 and Kemingdao contain stem borer–resistant Bt genes. According to experimental trial data, the Bt varieties are resistant to three stem borers in China: Tryporyza incertulas Walker, Chilo suppressalis Walker, and Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee (Zhu, Huang, and Hu 2003). The hybrid GM II Youming 86 contains the CPTi gene, which provides resistance to six pests: the same pests that are targets of varieties containing Bt plus Sesamia inferensWalker, Parndra guttata Bremeret Grey, and Pelopidas mathias Fabricius. MOA (2002) reports that in 2000 and 2001, stem borers affected between 68% and 75% of China’s rice area. Given that China’s rice area is nearly 30 million hectares, this means that the main pests targeted by China’s experimental GM rice varieties (that are currently in preproduction trials) affect more than 20 million hectares annually, nearly 13% of the world’s total rice sown area. A fourth hybrid contains the Xa21 genes, which provide resistance to bacterial blight, one of the most prevalent diseases in rice production areas in central China (Zhu et al. 2003).

Before commercialization, a new GM variety that passes the environmental release stage of the biosafety testing process in China must also pass through preproduction trials. According to China’s biosafety regulations, the total area for each preproduction trial should be more than 30 mu but not exceed 1,000 mu, or 66.7 hectares (MOA 2005).

Although China’s rice scientists are developing the first generation of GM rice in hybrid varieties, which may indeed be suffering from falling demand, they are doing so because of the relatively weak intellectual property rights environment inside China. The use of hybrid varieties allows for some degree of protection from piracy since the GM hybrid varieties are more difficult for other farmers and seed companies to duplicate. However, if China can improve intellectual property rights or if the government were to step in and support research without regard to the question of whether the new GM rice varieties can be protected or not (since they may have a benefit to society as a whole), the current technology can be used in all varieties, not just hybrids.

Should China decide to commercialize GM rice, the implications could far exceed the effect on its own producers and consumers. Paarlberg (2003) suggests that if China were to commercialize a major crop, such as rice, it is possible that it would set off a chain reaction in the world. For example, if China were to commercialize rice, it possibly would clear the way for the production of GM wheat, maize, and other crops inside China. If China proceeded in this direction, this could encourage the large grain-producing nations, such as Canada, the Unted States, and Australia, to continue to expand their programs in GM wheat and other crops, since China is a likely target for their exports in the future. In addition, the commercialization of rice and other crops may induce other developing countries, such as India or Vietnam,

to expand their plant biotechnology programs. On the one hand, other developing countries might follow China in an effort to remain competitive. On the other hand, with a clear precedent, other leaders might be willing to adopt GM food crops to increase the income of their farmers as well as to improve their health. It is in this very real sense that the future of GM rice in China may have an important influence on the future of GM crops in the world.

Genetically Modified Animals

Genetically modified (GMO) fish are likely to dominate future fish farming by growing over two times faster than regular fish and being up to 30% more efficient with feed than regular fish. This would also make the GMO fish 350% more efficient with feed than cows are.

The FDA is clearing the way for genetically modified fish and animals to be supplied as food.

The FDA said genetically engineered animals, created for human use or consumption, will be regulated in the same way as veterinary drugs, meaning they will go through a safety review process. Aqua Bounty of Massachusetts is hoping to market its genetically engineered salmon, which grows to maturity in less time than wild or farmed salmon, but it awaits approval.

A cow requires around seven kilograms of feed grain for each kilo of meat, while a carp requires around three kilos or less. Fish farming economizes on feed grain, and of course on the land area needed to produce it.

Aqua Bounty Farms on Tuesday announced it is hopeful the U.S. Food and Drug Administration will in 2009 approve the company’s AquAdvantage Advanced farmed Atlantic salmon hybrid.

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