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Topic : Plant Biotechnology
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By : BEENA AGARWAL, Head/VP/GM-Corporate Planning/Strategy, ANADI HI TECH AGRO PVT LTD
Industry : Biotechnology Functional Area : Productivity & Performance
Activity:  15 comments  905 views  last activity : 03 21 2013 10:53:12 +0000
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 plants can produce and evaluate their potential as replacements for petrochemicals in the manufacture of polymers and other industrial products.

Companies across the world are investing in crop biofactories to identify cheap, reliable and environmentally friendly sources of raw materials. 

    Many everyday items that we use are made from industrial chemicals including:

Plastics – used in food wraps and containers, electrical goods, garden furniture and cars;

Adhesives – for everyday applications such as superglue and PVC wood glue;

Lubricants – planes, trains and cars;

Paints – for around the house and industrial projects;

and

Textiles – including nylon and polyester clothing and pantyhose.

Most of the industrial chemicals used to make these products are made from petrochemicals. Petrochemicals are derived from the fossil fuel petroleum.

Petrochemicals are increasingly expensive and their availability is declining. Moving away from petrochemicals to renewable sources of raw materials frees up petroleum

for other uses, reduces our dependence on it and is a positive approachmove towards a cleaner greener future for World.

Crop biofactories

Plants have the capability to produce a wide range of compounds that can be used as raw materials for making industrial chemicals. These crop ‘biofactories’ have huge potential to

supply industry and estimates suggest that the value of new industrial biotechnology applications in the chemical industry alone could reach $160 billion by 2010.

Already compounds produced by plants are being used by industry to make biodegradable plastics. For example a United States organisation is producing a compound called

polylactide derived from cornstarch that is used to make disposablepackaging and household products and an Australia company is producing bio-degradeable food

packaging also made from corn.Crop biofactories have huge potential in Australia because:

Australian farmers are looking to identify higher value markets for

their crops;

GRDC has a long term commitment to finding alternative grain

products; and

CSIRO has expertise across a range of relevant fields and a well established science base.

The production of biofactory plants can be matched to demand and will provide farmers with new, high value crop used to suit their growing condition.The technology is low green house gas generating, sustainable and can boost up agri business.

Right genes alongwith the understanding of biosynthetic pathways and right breeding skills can produce highly productive oilseed plants with commercially viable UFA recognised.

 Top Comment : Harshad Naik   | 03 26 2009 05:07:31 +0000
Yes plants offer unique advantages for safe and economical production of new biotech-based proteins, fine chemical and drugs. And I guess safflower is the target crop for the process.
 
15 comments on "Plants are best source to use as biofactories"
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  Commented by  Satyabrata Ghosh, Assistant Professor, University of Minho    | 01 26 2011 23:13:09 +0000
The debate is quite relevant but technically old.

Just look in eastern India, basically the riverside of river Ganges, had some 3000 jute companies, started by the colonial British empire and nearly vanished with the advent of cheap petrochemical based plastics. Jute is a crop that grows very well on alluvial soil. It provides a rich source of natural biopolymer Cellulose. Therefore, the debate is reinventing the wheel / what Indian had become a reality of tomorrow.

Although, bioplastics keeps a high promise in India. This is particularly for a number of advantages>
1. India has a huge agricultural base, naturally it produces a number of secondary products like rice husk, stems and many other throw away products, and those are rich in cellulose and a host biopolymers and degradable solid constituents. These can be easily converted, at times a single step conversion to get value added products, and this can be high value bioproducts for agricultural usage itself.

2. the hot and humid weather of India is bonus for biodegradability, i.e. the bioplastics will degrade fast in such weather conditions. The cold and dry climate in Europe and north America takes a very long time for biopastics to degrade. 

3. However the flip side of the debate is critical than the better part of it. The global bioplastics consumption is around 230 million tons. 
Where is the natural resource for this. Only a fraction could be directly resourced from nature. As the natural products consume considerable amount of fresh water. The global fresh water excess is limited. Moreoever, most of natural biopolymer processing requires more energy than the conventional plastics energy equation needs to be carefully worked out for large scale production of bioplastics based products. 
  Commented by  Phani Mohan krishna, Head/VP/GM- Purchase/Material Mgmt, ANAGHA DATTA TRADE    | 04 15 2009 14:47:09 +0000
Rating : +1 
This is a brief overview of the current trends toward larger scale genetic engineering of agricultural crops and animals and geoengineering and mega-engineering adaptation to offset or adapt to environmental changes. Primarily these are observations at which solutions are getting significant increases in research and development resources and are getting or are close to being deployed at significant levels.

Weaker and slower interventions and adjustments to address the sources of environmental change will mean stronger and more urgent efforts in the future. History of changes to forests and wild areas on land indicate that the choice has generally not been to roll back efforts to low energy naturalistic lifestyles but to use more technology and processes to obtain necessary food and other resources.

More "naturalistic" solutions could be possible if there were far stronger efforts on converting coal and fossil fuel plants with factory mass produced nuclear fission reactor such as current efforts in China. The greater naturalistic part would be less genetic engineering and less geoengineering could be required. Those could still be done but there would be less required interventions of those types.

ie. You can allow your human population to fluctuate with the levels of buffalo herds or you take control of the food population with domesticated cows and chickens on farms.

You could allow your human population to fluctuate with the levels of wild fish catch and other farm production or you find ways to increase food production in spite of environmental variables. Fish farming provides over half of the worlds fish for human consumption.

When some soils deteriorated from farming techniques there was new farm management practices and fertilizers usage and modification of crops to be tougher and able to grow in inferior soils.

Genetically Modified Plants

In 2008, Time Magazine discussed "China's Genetically Altered Food Boom"

Most of China's cotton is already transgenic, and rice, wheat, maize, soybeans and livestock are in the pipeline. "China decided that conventional technology would not allow it to feed its people," says Clive James, chairman and founder of the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications . In the 12 years since GM crops have been commercially grown, James says most planting has been in the Americas. "I believe that the second decade will be the decade of Asia," he says.

Genetically modified rice is expected to be approved by Feb, 2011 in China. This is expected to open the gates to other grain crops and to other countries approving genetically modified crops.

A 2008 research report on the status of China's transgenic rice research.

Of all of the work being done in field and environmental release trials, four which have been engineered to be resistant to major pests in China, have advanced to the final stage of field trials, the preproduction trials stage. Two insect-resistant hybrids—GM Xianyou 63 and Kemingdao contain stem borer–resistant Bt genes. According to experimental trial data, the Bt varieties are resistant to three stem borers in China: Tryporyza incertulas Walker, Chilo suppressalis Walker, and Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee (Zhu, Huang, and Hu 2003). The hybrid GM II Youming 86 contains the CPTi gene, which provides resistance to six pests: the same pests that are targets of varieties containing Bt plus Sesamia inferensWalker, Parndra guttata Bremeret Grey, and Pelopidas mathias Fabricius. MOA (2002) reports that in 2000 and 2001, stem borers affected between 68% and 75% of China’s rice area. Given that China’s rice area is nearly 30 million hectares, this means that the main pests targeted by China’s experimental GM rice varieties (that are currently in preproduction trials) affect more than 20 million hectares annually, nearly 13% of the world’s total rice sown area. A fourth hybrid contains the Xa21 genes, which provide resistance to bacterial blight, one of the most prevalent diseases in rice production areas in central China (Zhu et al. 2003).

Before commercialization, a new GM variety that passes the environmental release stage of the biosafety testing process in China must also pass through preproduction trials. According to China’s biosafety regulations, the total area for each preproduction trial should be more than 30 mu but not exceed 1,000 mu, or 66.7 hectares (MOA 2005).

Although China’s rice scientists are developing the first generation of GM rice in hybrid varieties, which may indeed be suffering from falling demand, they are doing so because of the relatively weak intellectual property rights environment inside China. The use of hybrid varieties allows for some degree of protection from piracy since the GM hybrid varieties are more difficult for other farmers and seed companies to duplicate. However, if China can improve intellectual property rights or if the government were to step in and support research without regard to the question of whether the new GM rice varieties can be protected or not (since they may have a benefit to society as a whole), the current technology can be used in all varieties, not just hybrids.

Should China decide to commercialize GM rice, the implications could far exceed the effect on its own producers and consumers. Paarlberg (2003) suggests that if China were to commercialize a major crop, such as rice, it is possible that it would set off a chain reaction in the world. For example, if China were to commercialize rice, it possibly would clear the way for the production of GM wheat, maize, and other crops inside China. If China proceeded in this direction, this could encourage the large grain-producing nations, such as Canada, the Unted States, and Australia, to continue to expand their programs in GM wheat and other crops, since China is a likely target for their exports in the future. In addition, the commercialization of rice and other crops may induce other developing countries, such as India or Vietnam,

to expand their plant biotechnology programs. On the one hand, other developing countries might follow China in an effort to remain competitive. On the other hand, with a clear precedent, other leaders might be willing to adopt GM food crops to increase the income of their farmers as well as to improve their health. It is in this very real sense that the future of GM rice in China may have an important influence on the future of GM crops in the world.

Genetically Modified Animals

Genetically modified (GMO) fish are likely to dominate future fish farming by growing over two times faster than regular fish and being up to 30% more efficient with feed than regular fish. This would also make the GMO fish 350% more efficient with feed than cows are.

The FDA is clearing the way for genetically modified fish and animals to be supplied as food.

The FDA said genetically engineered animals, created for human use or consumption, will be regulated in the same way as veterinary drugs, meaning they will go through a safety review process. Aqua Bounty of Massachusetts is hoping to market its genetically engineered salmon, which grows to maturity in less time than wild or farmed salmon, but it awaits approval.

A cow requires around seven kilograms of feed grain for each kilo of meat, while a carp requires around three kilos or less. Fish farming economizes on feed grain, and of course on the land area needed to produce it.

Aqua Bounty Farms on Tuesday announced it is hopeful the U.S. Food and Drug Administration will in 2009 approve the company’s AquAdvantage Advanced farmed Atlantic salmon hybrid.
  Commented by  Harshad Naik, Product Development Manager, Care Biomedicals    | 03 26 2009 05:07:31 +0000
Rating : +1 
Yes plants offer unique advantages for safe and economical production of new biotech-based proteins, fine chemical and drugs. And I guess safflower is the target crop for the process.
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