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Topic : HRM (Human Resource Management)
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Functional Area : Performance
Activity:  11 comments  867 views  last activity : 07 06 2010 20:18:04 +0000
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There are several theories and practices of human resource management in vogue in the business corporate world and continue to evolve in order for businesses to survive in highly competitive environment. Three of many such theories namely Theory X, Theory Y and Theory Z that relate to strategic human motivation and talent retention are particularly followed in totality or in a mixed form by most of the business enterprises.

Theory X and Theory Y were developed by a management professor Douglas McGregor at MIT Sloan School of Management in the 1960s.

 The Theory X suggests use of a highly strict and disciplinary human management tactics with a closed supervisory organizational control on all of the employees. This entails a hierarchical organization structure with a tight and narrow span of control at each level. Fundamentally, the Theory X is based on mistrust on employees and therefore suggests adequate punitive measures and coercions in order to get the work done. This theory is immensely unpopular amongst the employees.

The Theory Y suggests self actualization for the work force by building trust for the employees by providing them a work environment that encourages self discipline. This entails a less rigid organization structure with communication and instinct of collaboration and support at each level. It believes that employees can be guided to take up responsibilities on their own, toil to accomplish task assigned to them for their own job satisfaction and ultimately feel a part of business enterprise.

The Theory Y provides a great environment of team work, learning experiences and opportunities to innovate.

The Theory Z is one step ahead and an extension of the Theory Y. The Theory Z formally developed by A.H. Maslow is said to be evolved from 14 key principles of management for transforming business effectiveness by a well known American management consultant, W Edwards Deming. The Theory Z has genesis in Japanese system of human resource management and aptly elaborated by an American business management professor William Ouchi.

The emphasis of Theory Z is to inculcate a sense of true loyalty and ownership in the employees’ outlook toward the business organization. It promotes permanent employment security and employment conditions amenable to the employee professional growth directly in proportion to the progress of the company. Besides aligning the mission of the business enterprises with the constructive attitude of the employees for business development, the Theory Z also emphasizes the well being of its employees and its family even off the employment.

Of the X, Y and Z theories of HRM or their mix, what theory of human motivation is most practically suitable for the progress of a business enterprise and at what level? Are there other good theories that are more pragmatic than these three?

 Top Comment : Manoj Kumar   | 06 30 2010 09:44:26 +0000
Good one Akshaya, better to follow Z theory
 
10 comments on "X, Y and Z theories for Human Resource Management"
  Commented by  Options Executive Search    | 07 09 2010 05:06:51 +0000
Good Article Akshay
Rating : +1 
nice article akshay, nothing to elaborate I support mr. deshpande views. 
  Commented by  SHRIKANT MANOHAR DANKE, PROJECT MANAGER, UNITY TELECOM INFRASTRUCTURE LTD.    | 07 02 2010 08:55:42 +0000
Rating : +1 
Thanks, Akshay.
I really don't know how many organizations are following any theory & stick to it's principles?
But overall Z theory is good to follow which is taken care of employer as well as employees.
  Commented by  Om Deshpande, Consultant, JobsXS    | 07 02 2010 05:56:28 +0000
Rating : +2 
Another theory that can be added to the one's that you mentioned and should summarize what is popular in organizations these days, is "Contingency Management". According to this theory,

"There are many management theories proposed, but no one theory can be applicable in all situations, and no theory is wrong either. A good manager is not defined as one who understands these theories, a good manager is defined as one who has the ability to recognize people and situations, and understands when to apply which theory out of the 'n' number of theories out there". 

First, become a master in understanding people and situations. This is what a good manager should be looking to do rather than get into particular theories. Once a manager become good at that, believe me, he/she will not need theories to dictate what is a good/bad management style.

Regards,
Om Deshpande
  Commented by  Mohammad Bakhsh, Project Leader/Managing Consultant, Freelancer    | 07 02 2010 04:29:26 +0000
Rating : +1 
A very good and inspiring article on human resources.Organizations are now following mixed of X Y and Z.The reasons being they want to retain a good hand and a leader.For any organization to remain fresh and vibrant,deadwood have to be shown their worth.
  Commented by  NATTERAJA R. ARIKRISHNAN, Area Sales Manager, HPL INDIA LTD, CHENNAI    | 06 30 2010 18:41:36 +0000
Rating : +1 
Good article... thanks Mr.Akshaya 
  Commented by  Badri N Srinivasan, Head - Quality, Valtech India Systems Pvt. Ltd.    | 06 30 2010 13:44:48 +0000
Rating : +1 
Thanks for the referral, Akshaya....
Theory Z is a natural extension of the key principles enunciated by Deming. I would also like to add additional perspectives -
1. The Learning Organization - Peter Senge. Here Senge talks about how the learning organization is the one which will survive for the future and how motivation and learning are linked.
2. It is a well known fact that work is achieved by teams in the long run, however heroic the individual effort may be... In this regard, the concept of Team Charter by Jim Mc Carthy is very effective. He talks about the team charter and the motivation behind the team performing well.
3. Quality Guru - Edwards Deming - His theory of profound knowledge and the 14 principles of management are one of the best ways of focusing on team motivation. He has written two excellent books - Out of the Crisis and The New Economics for the Industry, Government and Education. Here he talks of motivation for the individual and how the existing systems have destroyed the intrinsic motivation of the individual. 
4. Emotional Intelligence - Daniel Goleman - Here Goleman talks about how emotional intelligence is important for motivation. 
5. Many other cognition and motivation psychologists have propounded on various theories for motivation. 
Most of the Thinkers focus on similar concepts for achieving motivation. 
The crux here is to focus on the core learnings of the Thinkers and adapt it for the specific organization as the culture in each organization is different and how you convert the theory to practice is paramount to motivating the employees of the specific organization....... 
  Commented by  Rathin Deb, Resident Manager, Tower Infotech Ltd.    | 06 30 2010 11:52:47 +0000
Rating : +1 
Akshaya very well written. How many organisations are following these as on date in the true sense of it? I think Z theory once put to practical will help any organisation to show an upward trend.
  Commented by  kshantaram, GM-hrd/hr professor    | 06 30 2010 10:29:22 +0000
Rating : +1 
yes, theory x/y are individual centric catering to his needs/appetite while theory z is wholesome in terms of integrating the individual with the organisation in terms of emotional bonding and job security - contemporariy called employee engagement through appropriate involvement for different categories of performers through participation in management, employee communications, total rewards, etc focusing on ROI based emotional bonding although we have done away with job security which we are no more able to guarantee under competitive globalisation, productivity requirements, recessionary trends, etc and employees too are not able to make long term personal commitments owing to their ambition, fast track needs, global opportunities, competency to be mobile and seeking worklife balance rather than 24x7 bonded work cultures.

hope i am able to make some meaning here,

regards/kshantaram
  Commented by  Manoj Kumar, Sr: Manager - QA, ARCHETYPE GROUP, INDIA    | 06 30 2010 09:44:26 +0000
Rating : +1 
Good one Akshaya, better to follow Z theory
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